What is Pam3CSK4?
Pam3CSK4 (Pam3CysSerLys4) is a synthetic triacylated lipopeptide (LP) and a TLR2/TLR1 ligand. It is a potent activator of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB [1, 2]. Pam3CSK4 mimics the acylated amino terminus of bacterial LPs. The stimulatory activity of these LPs resides in their acylated amino terminus.
What does TLR2 recognize?
TLR2 recognizes a variety of microbial components derived from Gram-positive bacteria, such as lipopeptides, peptidoglycan, and lipoteichoic acids. TLR2 forms a heterodimeric complex with TLR1 or TLR6 to discriminate among different types of synthetic lipopeptides [82,83].
What are TLR ligands?
Endogenous TLR ligands are a group of molecules derived from host tissues or cells, either components of cells or induced gene products in specific conditions. These so-called endogenous TLR ligands and their receptors are localized in different cellular compartments and cannot interact physiologically.
What does TLR5 bind to?
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) binding to bacterial flagellin activates NF-κB signaling and triggers an innate immune response to the invading pathogen.
What is a TLR2 6 agonist?
We find that TLR2 and TLR6 are widely expressed on human melanoma cells, and that TLR2/6 agonists (MALP-2 or FSL-1) synergize with interferon-gamma (IFNγ) to induce production of CXCL10 from melanoma cells.
Are TLRs PRRs?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which play a crucial in the initiation of innate immune response by detecting potential harmful pathogens.
What can TLR bind to?
TLRs 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 bind to components of microbial cell walls and membranes unique to pathogens. The best characterized ligands are bacterial, including LPS and lipoteichoic acid from cell walls, lipoproteins from the cell membrane, and a structural component of bacterial flagella called flagellin.
What does TLR5 do?
TLR5 recognizes bacterial flagellin, a principal component of bacterial flagella and a virulence factor. The activation of this receptor mobilizes the nuclear factor NF-κB and stimulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha production.
Is flagellin a protein?
Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility.
What is a TLR agonist?
Agonists that target toll-like receptors (TLR) are being used clinically either alone or in combination with tumor antigens and showing initial success both in terms of enhancing immune responses and eliciting anti-tumor activity.
What is the difference between TLRs and PRRs?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which play a crucial in the initiation of innate immune response by detecting potential harmful pathogens. In mammals, the number of TLRs varies between species: human have 10 TLRs whereas mouse have 12 TLRs.
