What is up and down conversion?
An up-down converter and mixer is a device that is intended to convert an analog signal between a lower frequency and a higher frequency. When converting to a higher frequency, the device is said to up-convert, and when it converts a high frequency to a lower one it is said to down-convert.
What is the conversion of solar cell?
First, a solar cell must absorb solar radiation, converting the Sun’s heat energy into chemical energy in the device. When light is absorbed, electrons are excited into higher energy levels, temporarily storing chemical energy. Excited electrons behave as charge carriers (current) in an electrical potential.
What are the concepts of down conversion and up conversion of photon energy?
The up converted photon has sufficient energy to bridge the solar cell band gap and can be absorbed. Down-conversion is the process by which one high energy photon, which is inefficiently absorbed by the photovoltaic cell due to thermalisation losses, is converted into two or more lower energy photons.
What is IF and RF?
An RF (or IF) mixer (not to be confused with video and audio mixers) is an active or passive device that converts a signal from one frequency to another. These three ports are the radio frequency (RF) input, the local oscillator (LO) input, and the intermediate frequency (IF) output.
What are the disadvantages of solar cell?
Drawbacks or Disadvantages of Solar Cell ➨It can not be used in absence of the light from any source. ➨It incurs very high initial cost for installation. ➨During cloudy weather, less power is being generated. ➨Very large geographical area is needed in order to deploy solar panels or cells.
How can I make a solar cell?
Read below about the steps of producing a crystalline solar panel.
- Step 1: Sand. It all starts with the raw material, which in our case is sand.
- Step 2: Ingots.
- Step 3: Wafers.
- Step 4: Solar cells.
- Step 5: From Solar Cell to Solar Panel.
- Step 6: Testing the Modules.
What are the photons converted to?
Photovoltaics or solar cells convert photon energy into electrostatic potential energy, or convert power supplied by a flow of photons into electrical power. Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy of a photon is converted into chemical energy.
Can electrons turn into photons?
Photons are easily created and destroyed. An electron moving in a strong magnetic field will generate photons just from its acceleration. Similarly, when a photon of the right wavelength strikes an atom, it disappears and imparts all its energy to kicking the electron into a new energy level.
How do you convert RF to IF?
RF to IF conversion is achieved using a RF device called Down-converter. Heterodyne and homodyne receiver architectures are used to convert modulated RF signal to IF signal. Superheterodyne uses 10.7MHz as first IF and 470KHz as second IF.
Why is RF converted to if?
So a high frequency signal is converted to a lower IF for more convenient processing. The bandwidth of a filter is proportional to its center frequency. In receivers like the TRF in which the filtering is done at the incoming RF frequency, as the receiver is tuned to higher frequencies, its bandwidth increases.
How is downconversion used in a solar cell?
Downconversion ( DC) is a process where a high energy photon is converted into two or more photons with lower energy. Trough downconversion is possible to use a wider portion of the solar spectrum raising the efficiency in different kinds of solar cells.
How are losses reduced in a solar cell?
One of the major loss mechanisms leading to low energy conversion efficiencies of solar cells is the thermalization of charge carriers generated by the absorption of high-energy photons. These losses can largely be reduced in a solar cell if more than one electron–hole pair can be generated per incident photon.
What are up and down conversion of sunlight?
Up-conversion (UC) and down-conversion (DC) of sunlight are two possible routes for improving energy harvesting over the whole solar spectrum. Via such processes it could be possible to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single-junction photovoltaic (PV) device.
How to improve the efficiencies of solar cells?
Improving solar cell efficiencies by down-conversion of high-energy photons more… One of the major loss mechanisms leading to low energy conversion efficiencies of solar cells is the thermalization of charge carriers generated by the absorption of high-energy photons.
